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Українська мова Ukrainian
Family	Sub-family	Language of	Script
Indo-European	East Slavic	Ukraine Minority In: Croatia, Romania, Poland, Slovakia Serbia, Canada	Cyrillic

Contents 1 Letters 2 Euphony 2.1 Alternation В <-> У 2.2 Alternation І <-> Й 2.3 Alternation [v] -> [w] 2.4 З [z]

Letters

The Ukrainian alphabet has 33 letters. There are 10 vowel letters, 21 consonant letters and 2 signs whose purpose is to mark either palatised consonants.

Letter	Pronunciation	Comments
А а	/a/
Б б	/b/
В в	/v/, /w/
Г г	/ʕ/
Ґ ґ	/ɡ/
Д д	/d/
Е е	/ɛ/
Є є	/jɛ/, /ʲɛ/
Ж ж	/ʐ/
З з	/z/, /zʲ/
И и	/ɨ/
І і	/i/, /ʲi/, /ɪ/, /ʲɪ/
Ї ї	/ji/, /jɪ/
Й й	/j/	Й is always palatised.
К к	/k/
Л л	/l/, /lʲ/
М м	/m/
Н н	/n/, /nʲ/
О о	/ɔ/
П п	/p/
Р р	/r/, /rʲ/
С с	/s/, /sʲ/
Т т	/t/, /tʲ/
У у	/u/
Ф ф	/f/
Х х	/x/
Ц ц	/t͡s/, /t͡sʲ/
Ч ч	/t͡ʃ/
Ш ш	/ʃ/
Щ щ	/ʃt͡ʃ/
Ь ь	/ʲ/	Ь is named "soft sign". Its whole purpose is to mark a preceding palatised consonant. It can never be at the beginning of a word.
Ю ю	/ju/, / ʲu/
Я я	/ja/, / ʲa/
'	[j]	The apostrophe can never be at the beginning of a word.

Euphony

Ukrainian employs a special system of euphony to avoid either consonant or vowel clusters.

Alternation В <-> У

This is one of the most used alternations.

Alternation І <-> Й

This is one of the most used alternations.

Alternation [v] -> [w]

At the end of words and also within words [v] changes to [w] in Standard Ukrainian. It always happens when it is placed at the end of a morpheme.

З [z]

This alternation applies to prepositions, adverbs and particles. At the end of those a vowel may be left out.
The preposition "з" can have the forms "із, зі, зо".

Ukrainian pages
Introduction · Pronouns · Adpositions · Sounds and Writing

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