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Korean |
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| Japonic | Korean |  Korea |
한 글 hangeul 한 자 (漢字) hanja |
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Note: many particles have similar Japanese equivalents. However, usages differ and are not exact matches.
Contents |
Subject Particle 이 / 가
In Korean, as in Japanese, subjects are marked by having a particle follow the word that is the subject of the sentence. In Korean, this is marked by 이 if the word ends in a consonant and 가 if it ends in a vowel.
Object Particle 을 / 를
In Korean, as in Japanese, objects are marked by having a particle follow the word that is the direct object of the sentence. In Korean, this is marked by 을 if the word ends in a consonant and 를 if it ends in a vowel.
Examples:
- 책을읽어요. jhaeg eul ilgeoyo. I am reading a book.
영화를봐요. yeonghwa reul bwayo. I am watching a movie.
Topic Particle 은 / 는
In Korean, as in Japanese, the topic is marked by having a particle follow the word that is the topic of comparison in a sentence. In Korean, this is marked by 은 if the word ends in a consonant and 는 if it ends in a vowel.
Possession Particle 의
In Korean, as in Japanese, the possession is marked by having a particle between the word that is the possessor and the word that is the possessee. The possessor comes always before the particle and the possessee always after the particle.
The particle is usually omitted in spoken Korean. It is pronounced like 에.
Examples:
- 너의연필. neo ui yeonpil. Your pencil.
Particle 와/ 과
This can mean "and" and "with". 와 is used if the word ends in a consonant and 과 if it ends in a vowel.
Examples:
- 너와나. neo wa na. You and I.
친구과 갑니까. chingugwa gabnikka?. Do you go with your friends?
Location Particles 에 and 에서
In Korean, as in Japanese, there are particles that indicate location, motion. 에 after a noun indicates the direction of the motion.
Examples:
- 식당에가요. siktang e gayo. I am going to the restaurant.
에서 after a noun indicates the place where the action is happening.
Examples:
- 학교에서공부해요. hakkyo eseo gongbuhaeyo. I study in the school.
에서 can also indicate from
Examples:
- 어디에서 왔어요? eodieseo wasseoyo?. Where do you come from?
Particle 도
It can mean as well; too; either, neither, nor.
Examples:
- 나도. nado. Me too.
Demonstrative Particle 이
In Korean, as in Japanese, demonstratives are formed by using a special prefix together with a dependent word used to indicate whether the item in question is a person, place, thing, time, manner, etc. In Korean, to indicate "this" (the item that's close to the speaker, but far from the listener) you attach the particle 이 before a noun.
Demonstrative Particle 그
In Korean, as in Japanese, demonstratives are formed by using a special prefix together with a dependent word used to indicate whether the item in question is a person, place, thing, time, manner, etc. In Korean, to indicate "that" (the item that's close to the listener, but far from the speaker, or an item already under discussion) you attach the particle 그 before a noun.
Demonstrative Particle 저
In Korean, as in Japanese, demonstratives are formed by using a special prefix together with a dependent word used to indicate whether the item in question is a person, place, thing, time, manner, etc. In Korean, to indicate "that" (the item that's far from both the speaker and the listener) you attach the particle 저 before a noun.
The Particle (으)로
This particle can be used for a number of different things:
- Instrumental Case
- General Direction
- Making a Selection
- The change of state
- A reason
Instrumental Case
The instrumental case indicates that the item is used to do something.
Examples:
- 버스로와요. beoseu ro wayo. I am coming by bus.
General Direction
This particle can also be used to indicate a general direction, as opposed to a specific direction as indicated by 에
Examples:
- 어디로가세요? eodi ro gaseyo? Where (in which direction) are you going?
어디에가세요? eodi e gaseyo? Where (to which place) are you going?
Making a Selection
When you want to say something like "I'd like this item" such as in a restaurant, you would use this particle for that as well.
Examples:
- 저는김치로주세요. jeoneun gimjhi ro juseyo. As for me, please give me some of the kimchi.
Change of state
Reason
Contracted forms
Some forms that mix a demonstrative and a dependent noun, and sometimes even a particle have special forms. Here are a few of them:
뭐 = 무 + 엇
이 게 = 이 + 것 + 이
그 게 = 그 + 것 + 이
저 게 = 저 + 것 + 이
이 건 = 이 + 것 + 은
그 건 = 그 + 것 + 은
저 건 = 저 + 것 + 은
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