English:Sounds and Writing
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English |
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Letters
| Letter | Pronunciation | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| A a | /eɪ/, /æ/, /æː/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /a/, /aː/, /ə/ | |
| B b | /b/ | |
| C c | /k/, /s/ | /k/ after a, o, u and /s/ after e, i. |
| D d | /d/ | |
| E e | /iː/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /e/ | |
| F f | /f/ | |
| G g | /g/, /dʒ/ | /g/ after a, o, u and /dʒ/ after e, i. |
| H h | /h/ | |
| I i | /aɪ/ | |
| J j | /dʒ/ | |
| K k | /k/ | |
| L l | /l/ | |
| M m | /m/ | |
| N n | /n/ | |
| O o | ||
| P p | /p/ | |
| Q q | ||
| R r | /ɹ/ | /r/ is commonly used when talking about English only. |
| S s | /s/ | |
| T t | /t/ | |
| U u | ||
| V v | /v/ | |
| W w | /w/ | |
| X x | /ks/ | |
| Y y | ||
| Z z | /z/ |
English is a highly dialectal language. Throughout the dialects, there is a single alphabet, although variations in spelling - particularly between BrE and AmE.
Vowel Differences
Below is an overview of the differences in pronunciation across the most common regional dialects of English. This table was taken from Wikipedia and altered. The table uses IPA and Shows the variations between AuE (Australian English), CaE (Canadian English), MA (Mountain American), GA (General American), IrE (Irish English), NZE (New Zealand English), RP (Received Pronunciation - England), ScE (Scottish English), SAE (South African English) and WaE (Welsh English).
| Pan- English | ![]() AuE | ![]() CaE | ![]() MA | ![]() GA | ![]() IrE | ![]() NZE | ![]() RP | ![]() ScE | ![]() SAE | ![]() WaE | Lexical set | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA: English Vowels | ||||||||||||
| æ | æ, æː | æ | æ | æ, eə | ɑ/æ | ɛ | æ | a | æ | a | TRAP | lad, bad, cat |
| ɑː | aː | ɑ/ɒ | aː | ɑ | ɑː | ɐː | ɑː | aː | PALM | father | ||
| ɒ | ɔ | ɑ | ɑ | ɒ | ɒ | ɔ | ɔ | ɒ | LOT | not, wasp | ||
| ɔː | oː | ɑ, ɶ | ɔ | ɔː | oː | ɔː | oː | ɒː | THOUGHT | law, caught, all, halt, talk | ||
| ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | ɘ | ə | ə | ə | ə | COMMA | about | |
| ɨ | ɨ | ɪ/ɛ | ɨ | ɪ | ɨ | ɨ | spotted | |||||
| ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ, ə | ɪ | KIT | sit | |
| i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | iˑ | iː | HAPPY | city | |
| iː | iː | iː | iː | iː | iː | FLEECE | see | |||||
| eː | meat | |||||||||||
| eɪ | æɪ | eɪ/e | eɪ/e | eɪ | æe | eɪ | e | eɪ | eː | FACE | date | |
| ei | day, pain, whey, rein | |||||||||||
| ɛ | e | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | ɛ | e | ɛ | ɛ | e | ɛ | DRESS | bed |
| ɜr | ɜː(ɹ) | ɝ/ɹ̩ | ɝ/ɹ̩ | ɝ/ɹ̩ | ʌɾ | ɵː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɹ) | ʌɾ | øː(ɹ) | ɜː(ɾ) | NURSE | burn |
| ɛɾ | ɛɾ | herd, earth | ||||||||||
| ɪɾ | ɪɾ | bird | ||||||||||
| ər | ə(ɹ) | ɚ/ɹ̩ | ɚ/ɹ̩ | ɚ/ɹ̩ | ɘ(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | əɾ | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | LETTER | winner | |
| ʌ | a | ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | ɔ, ʊ | ɐ | ʌ | ʌ | ɐ | ɜ | STRUT | run, won, flood |
| ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʊ | ʉ | ʊ | ʊ | FOOT | put | |
| uː | hood | |||||||||||
| uː | ʉː | u | u | u | ʉː | uː | ʉː | uː | GOOSE | through, you | ||
| ɪu | threw, yew | |||||||||||
| juː | jʉː | (j)u | (j)u | (j)u | juː | jʉː | juː | jʉ | cute, dew, ewe | |||
| aɪ | ɑe | aɪ | aɪ | aɪ, ʌi | ɔɪ | ɑe | aɪ | aɪ | aː | ai | PRICE | my, wise, high |
| ɔɪ | oɪ | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | ɔɪ | oe | ɔɪ | oi | ɔɪ | ɒi | CHOICE | boy, hoist | |
| oʊ | əʉ | oʊ/o | o:, oʊ | oʊ | oː | ɐʉ | əʊ | o | œʉ | oː | GOAT | no, toe, soap |
| o:, oʊ, ɔ: | ou | tow, soul, roll, cold, folk | ||||||||||
| aʊ | æɔ | aʊ, ʌu | aʊ/æo | aʊ | æo | aʊ | aʊ | ɑː | au | MOUTH | now, trout | |
| ɑr | aː(ɹ) | ɑɹ | ɑɹ | ɑɹ | ɐː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | aɾ | aː(ɾ) | START | arm, car | ||
| ɪər | ɪə(ɹ) | ɪɹ | ɪɹ/iɹ/iəɹ | ɪɹ | ɪə(ɹ) | ɪə(ɹ) | iɾ | ɪə(ɹ) | ɪə(ɾ) | NEAR | deer, here | |
| ɛər | eː(ɹ) | ɛɹ | ɛɹ | ɛɹ | eə(ɹ) | eə(ɹ) | eɾ | ɛː(ɹ) | ɛː(ɾ) | SQUARE | mare, there, bear | |
| ɔr | oː(ɹ) | ɔɹ | ɔɹ | ɔɹ | ɑɾ | oː(ɹ) | ɔː(ɹ) | ɔɾ | ɒː(ɾ) | NORTH | sort, warm | |
| ɔər | oɹ, ɔɹ | oːɾ | oɾ | oː(ɾ) | FORCE | tore, boar, port | ||||||
| ʊər | ʊə(ɹ), ʉːə(ɹ) | ʊɹ | ʊɹ | ʊɐ(ɹ), ʉːɐ(ɹ) | ʊə(ɹ) | uɾ | ʊə(ɾ) | CURE | tour, moor | |||
| jʊər | jʊə(ɹ), jʉːə(ɹ) | jʊɹ, jɝ | jʊɹ, jɝ | jʊɹ, jɝ | jʊɐ(ɹ), jʉːɐ(ɹ) | jʊə(ɹ), jɔ:(ɹ) | juɾ | ɪʊə(ɾ) | CURE | pure, Europe | ||
| Pan- English | ![]() AuE | ![]() CaE | ![]() MA | ![]() GA | ![]() IrE | ![]() NZE | ![]() RP | ![]() ScE | ![]() SAE | ![]() WaE | Lexical set | Examples |
English pages
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| Introduction · Pronouns · Sounds and Writing |
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