English:Sounds and Writing

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English
English
Family
Sub-family
Language of
Script
Indo-European West Germanic en-us.png USA, CA.png Canada
GB.png United Kingdom , AU.png Australia
NZ.png New Zealand, af.png South Africa
Plus countless other countries.
UN.png United Nations
EU.png European Union
Latin

Letters

Letter Pronunciation Comments
A a /eɪ/, /æ/, /æː/, /ʌ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /a/, /aː/, /ə/
B b /b/
C c /k/, /s/ /k/ after a, o, u and /s/ after e, i.
D d /d/
E e /iː/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /e/
F f /f/
G g /g/, /dʒ/ /g/ after a, o, u and /dʒ/ after e, i.
H h /h/
I i /aɪ/
J j /dʒ/
K k /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
O o
P p /p/
Q q
R r /ɹ/ /r/ is commonly used when talking about English only.
S s /s/
T t /t/
U u
V v /v/
W w /w/
X x /ks/
Y y
Z z /z/


English is a highly dialectal language. Throughout the dialects, there is a single alphabet, although variations in spelling - particularly between BrE and AmE.

Vowel Differences

Below is an overview of the differences in pronunciation across the most common regional dialects of English. This table was taken from Wikipedia and altered. The table uses IPA and Shows the variations between AuE (Australian English), CaE (Canadian English), MA (Mountain American), GA (General American), IrE (Irish English), NZE (New Zealand English), RP (Received Pronunciation - England), ScE (Scottish English), SAE (South African English) and WaE (Welsh English).

Vowel table using IPA
Pan-
English
AU.png
AuE
CA.png
CaE
en-us.png
MA
en-us.png
GA
en-ir.png
IrE
NZ.png
NZE
GB-ENG.png
RP
gd.png
ScE
af.png
SAE
cy.png
WaE
Lexical
set
Examples
IPA: English Vowels
æ æ,
æː
æ æ æ,
ɑ/æ ɛ æ a æ a TRAP lad, bad, cat
ɑː ɑ/ɒ ɑ ɑː ɐː ɑː PALM father
ɒ ɔ ɑ ɑ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɔ ɒ LOT not, wasp
ɔː ɑ,
ɶ
ɔ ɔː ɔː ɒː THOUGHT law, caught, all, halt, talk
ə ə ə ə ə ɘ ə ə ə ə COMMA about
ɨ ɨ ɪ/ɛ ɨ ɪ ɨ ɨ spotted
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ, ə ɪ KIT sit
i i i i i i i i HAPPY city
FLEECE see
meat
æɪ eɪ/e eɪ/e æe e FACE date
ei day, pain, whey, rein
ɛ e ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ e ɛ ɛ e ɛ DRESS bed
ɜr ɜː(ɹ) ɝ/ɹ̩ ɝ/ɹ̩ ɝ/ɹ̩ ʌɾ ɵː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ʌɾ øː(ɹ) ɜː(ɾ) NURSE burn
ɛɾ ɛɾ herd, earth
ɪɾ ɪɾ bird
ər ə(ɹ) ɚ/ɹ̩ ɚ/ɹ̩ ɚ/ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) LETTER winner
ʌ a ʌ ʌ ʌ ɔ, ʊ ɐ ʌ ʌ ɐ ɜ STRUT run, won, flood
ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʉ ʊ ʊ FOOT put
hood
ʉː u u u ʉː ʉː GOOSE through, you
ɪu threw, yew
juː jʉː (j)u (j)u (j)u juː jʉː juː cute, dew, ewe
ɑe aɪ,
ʌi
ɔɪ ɑe ai PRICE my, wise, high
ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ ɔɪ oe ɔɪ oi ɔɪ ɒi CHOICE boy, hoist
əʉ oʊ/o o:,
ɐʉ əʊ o œʉ GOAT no, toe, soap
o:,
,
ɔ:
ou tow, soul, roll, cold, folk
æɔ aʊ,
ʌu
aʊ/æo æo ɑː au MOUTH now, trout
ɑr aː(ɹ) ɑɹ ɑɹ ɑɹ ɐː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) aː(ɾ) START arm, car
ɪər ɪə(ɹ) ɪɹ ɪɹ/iɹ/iəɹ ɪɹ ɪə(ɹ) ɪə(ɹ) ɪə(ɹ) ɪə(ɾ) NEAR deer, here
ɛər eː(ɹ) ɛɹ ɛɹ ɛɹ eə(ɹ) eə(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) ɛː(ɾ) SQUARE mare, there, bear
ɔr oː(ɹ) ɔɹ ɔɹ ɔɹ ɑɾ oː(ɹ) ɔː(ɹ) ɔɾ ɒː(ɾ) NORTH sort, warm
ɔər oɹ, ɔɹ oːɾ oː(ɾ) FORCE tore, boar, port
ʊər ʊə(ɹ),
ʉːə(ɹ)
ʊɹ ʊɹ ʊɐ(ɹ),
ʉːɐ(ɹ)
ʊə(ɹ) ʊə(ɾ) CURE tour, moor
jʊər jʊə(ɹ),
jʉːə(ɹ)
jʊɹ, jɝ jʊɹ, jɝ jʊɹ, jɝ jʊɐ(ɹ),
jʉːɐ(ɹ)
jʊə(ɹ),
jɔ:(ɹ)
juɾ ɪʊə(ɾ) CURE pure, Europe
Pan-
English
en-au.png
AuE
en-ca.png
CaE
en-us.png
MA
en-us.png
GA
en-ir.png
IrE
NZ.png
NZE
GB-ENG.png
RP
gd.png
ScE
af.png
SAE
cy.png
WaE
Lexical
set
Examples
en.png English pages
Introduction · Pronouns · Sounds and Writing
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